Wednesday, March 30, 2011

How to maintain the units it

 How to maintain Taiwan
it
Taiwan do the two most important maintenance is brushed, and ironing, the aim is to try to avoid all the damage for the direction of wool.

~ ~ brushed regularly sets it

what brush to use special swab Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan, it maintained it is an essential step method. It does not only remove surface dust and Taiwan, the chocolate powder residue, but also sets it down can help to restore the original direction, it has the ideal platform to ensure the appearance and function, and it can largely extend Taiwan life.

Taiwan in brushed it must be along the course it sets the direction of the original brush pile (pile direction from seven o'clock kick-off point arc), not horizontal brushed, but can not reverse wipe Otherwise, it sets the direction of hair will be destroyed even caused to disappear, then Taiwan will be entangled in the wool fibers together to affect the accuracy of the positioning of ball and that is what we often say

In addition, it must be gently brushed Taiwan, so as not to damage Taiwan does fiber.

~ ~ ironing table it

it from time to time after Taiwan in brushed along the direction of hair ironing table, it can be improved in Taiwan, the ball rolling on what speed. Ironing table, which is used depends on the number of frequency and temperature of the city. In the humid environment should be appropriately increased the number of units does the ironing.

ironing table it before the station must ensure that it has been correctly brushed, so not only clean, and hair and fiber in the right direction. Otherwise, any dirt on the table or do not correct the direction of the villi in the ironing process will be left permanently on it in Taiwan.

in the use of iron before, we must first test in the paper the temperature of the iron. If the iron in the newspaper any slight imprint on the left, wait until the temperature of the iron down and then used it on the table. Library does not need ironing side of Taiwan, but must always be brushed.

~ ~ cake and eat it

known whether Taiwan can provide it for a ball player is critical. This is because the players hit the ball in the goal requires the mother can continue to roll after the ball until the cue ball went to a ideal location, this is what we usually call However, careful friends may have found snooker masters rarely hit the ball hard in the race to hit the ball hard when you try to avoid the arm, elbow, wrist and other joints caused by the unconscious escort Cue ball players are only able to raid to walk long distances, but also do not want to hit the ball great, To meet this requirement:

A. Proper maintenance, the main station it depends on the thickness and density of its own. Generally, the thickness and density, the life span extended. It down the length of Taiwan should not be too long, because long hair will increase the rolling friction the resistance, and easy to struggle together, to influence ball speed and accuracy.

B. In the case of constant density, and Taiwan do not be too thick. This is also because the thick platform it will lead to greater friction resistance.

C. Of course, the indoor temperature and humidity will also affect the ball, but the role of external factors to Taiwan will certainly be on it, and then sets it to influence the ball through.

no doubt, for the tables in the owners, it's life table of crucial importance. This is the bosses in the ball room embodied the most obvious. Who does not want the ball room of the station it can be for a long time to use it? In addition to Taiwan, it's life depends on proper maintenance, the main station it depends on the thickness and density of its own. Generally, the thickness and density, the life span extended.

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

Chiang Kai-shek 's most shining life sentence

 Sea Battle
victories :
Vietnam eliminate two destroyers , one frigate , three torpedo boats . More than 700 sailors . 200 prisoners , including the Andean countries that German consultants .
process briefly :
1974年1 18, the Vietnamese Government has ignored China has repeatedly warned that troops occupied China Sea Paradise Islands, and with Morijima militia conflict. Sea naval battle which started the prelude .
Navy rushed Nansha support , but unfortunately the fleet tonnage and firepower in Vietnam has an absolute advantage , although the Chinese navy fought a bloody war , but signs of stress can not be supported . Critical moment , the central East China Sea Fleet rushed to mobilize support. However, the East China Sea Fleet, the Navy must be blocked by the KMT in Taiwan Taiwan Strait, how to safely adopted as a problem for the Chinese navy .
the Taiwan Strait by the Chinese People's Navy, the news was quickly informed that the KMT in Taiwan , when Taiwan's Navy Commander Don x forest to ask for instructions how to respond when Chiang Kai-shek , Chiang said that most of his life flash words: Tight you? For kicked away x Lin Tang , Chiang Kai-shek instructed :
result, contrary to expectations the East China Sea Fleet . KMT not only a green light to put the East China Sea naval fleet across the Channel , and the convoy all the way to ensure the safety of the fleet . In addition , dozens of boats in Taiwan tender marched Sea front, the front of the People's Liberation Army soldiers to deliver food and water.
1 20 January, the East China Sea Fleet, arrived in the front line as scheduled , the two sides tremendous changes have occurred in troops , the Chinese navy to form an absolute advantage , the invasion of Yuejun almost wiped out .
Sea naval battle in the history of the Chinese Navy is one of the most glorious war , in a sense , he is the result of sincere cooperation KMT . The Chiang Kai-shek 's performance in this event so moving , so we have a brand new his evaluation !

Monday, March 28, 2011

A familiar but not sing your song

 Introduction:-Minh Tuyet (Ruan Ming Xue) - stolen call your name
song singer in Vietnam Minh Tuyet (Ruan snow) cover of the classic Xiao Gang Zhou Chuanxiong - Evening
Commissioned Tham Goi Ten Anh Chinese name is in place, especially the erhu, a very clear, there is the national instrument of China tensioning modern electro-acoustic band with a perfect combination of sweet voice and a portrait of singer with the interpretation, do not have a flavor


Ruan Ming Snow Your name br> Con lai gi khi tinh qua mau?
fleeting love in the end what is left?
Bao yêu du, nay cung theo gio tri i mit m.
dear, I promise today with the wind drifting lost in the night sky
ng vê cn lanh gia
I walk the way back felt a cold
Lang thang ph vng trong ma bun ri
wandering in the rain in the cold streets of
Lê nhoa trên mi su em khn ngui
tears blurred in front of you I can not remove sorrow < br> Ngi tinh i!
lover ah!
Thi hêt nm thang bên nhau tuyêt vi.
far away from the place next years
Cuc tinh xa say m mt tri ky niêm
a past love sinking
Ngot ngao nay a xa xi ri
and today has nothing to do with the sweetness of the
Con u giy phut bi ri qun quyt mi hn goi miBong anh a khut chn tri
have hidden in your shadow on the horizon
Mt minh em trong cuc i
I will be lonely lives
Ma i! tng chiêu bun ri.
rain ah! Has lost the scowl
Con gi khng anh hi! t nay tinh lanh lung
leave you nothing! From that day on, the feelings on the cold
Anh a quay lng ri
you have turned away
Con u giy phut sm ti m ui m trong vong tayDu yêu nay a phai tan
token of love has leg color
Ngi tinh quay i vi vang
a love to go by
Anh i minh anh mt nhau ...
me ah! Had himself endured

From nh_Apis.

Friday, March 25, 2011

Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details and daily must-see

 In China, things to eat are common, but this dinner is often a bad deal, and many of the unspoken rules for you to savor. In order not to make a fool, huh, huh, or an early start to the next as well. Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details of
attention to detail: 1 - seating: In general, the seating is respect for the door. If the round table, you are on the main passenger door, subject and object about the location of hand, places the distance from the subjective and objective point of view, the more respect for the closer position of subject and object, the same respect from the left on the right. For a square table, if there is on the door of the seat, the door is on the right side of the main bit off. If the errors on the door, then face the right side of the East seat for the chief.
If the banquet, the table and the tables are arranged between the chief attention to the top center, followed by 2,4,6 seats left and right for the 3,5,7 seats, according to subject and object identity, status, sit in affinities. If you are a master, you should arrive early and wait in the position near the door, and introduced the guest seat. If you are invitees, then they should listen to host the screening time. Generally, if your boss to attend, you should be directed to the main boss seat, customers the highest level of the main seat on the left sitting position. Unless the leadership of the level of hospitality object is very high. Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details of
2 - order: If time permits, you should wait after the majority of the guests in attendance will be the menu for guests circulated, and asked them to order. Of course, as the official dinner, you will worry about the budget issue, therefore, to control the budget, your most important thing is to do more homework before dinner, select the appropriate grade is more important to treat location, so guests can greatly understand you budget. Moreover, in general, if you will pay the guests did not quite have the nerve to order, will let you to decide. If your boss is also the dinner, do not because of respect for him, or that his entertainment experience, catering to eat more, and let him / her to order, unless he / she volunteered. Otherwise, he will not feel decent. If you are a person dinner, you should know when you should not be too active in the order, but to enable the owner to order. If the person warm
requirements, you can point a not too expensive, but not all the food taboos. I remember the views of people consulted about the table, in particular, ask, A la carte, you can consult When ordering, be sure to know what. When ordering, according to the following three rules:
a look at personnel. In general, per capita food is more of a general rule. If more men may be appropriate to increase the amount of dinner.
second look at food combinations. In general, the table is better to have dirty dishes well-established, a cold hot, try to make it comprehensive. If the table more than men, some meat or fish can be more, if the President more, you can channel light a few more vegetables.
dinner to see the importance of the three. If an ordinary business dinner, an average of a dish in about 50 yuan to 80 yuan acceptable. If the object of the dinner is more key, then the weight is enough to point a few dishes, such as lobster, saury, anchovy, and then to the specifications that are abalone, fin powder.
Another point to note is that should not be asked the waiter when ordering food prices, or the bargain, which would allow your company in front of customers seemed a bit petty, but customers will feel uncomfortable. Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details of
3 - bite: Chinese people are generally very particular about food, but also very particular about eating phase. As more and more attention workplace etiquette, business dining table eating and eating phase and more stress. Following the lunch, for example, teach you how polite at the dinner table with instrument handy. The beginning of lunch banquet meal, the waiter brought a wet towel is a towel first, do not use it to wipe her face. On lobster, chicken, fruit, will give her a little water, Bangladesh, in which floating lemon slice twist or rose petals, it is not drink, but hand-washing purposes. Wash your hands, you can turn his hands wet fingers, gently rinsed, and then with a small towel. Meal should pay attention to courtesy and manners. Do not repeatedly advised of the foreign guests food, Chinese food can be introduced to each other's characteristics, to eat do not eat by him.
some people like to dish to persuade others, even for the other bowl. Foreign guests do not have this habit, if you politely again, maybe people will resent: If you wait for someone else to their own dish cloth, it had to Russia and stomach. Guests sat at the table, do not immediately hands feeding. The owner should be greeted by the owner to indicate the beginning of a toast, the guests can begin; guests can not grab the front of the owner. Take their food to civilization, and should be in front of other dishes to their own, and then Dongkuaizi, do not grab the front next to him, one and take their food and it is not too much. To eat slowly, which is not only conducive to digestion, but also table etiquette requirements.
must not large mouths, gobble, so, can leave the impression of greed. Do not picky eaters, do not just stare at you like Levin to eat, or hurried to favorite dishes piled up in your own plate. Action to be elegant dining, sitting next to the folder not to touch when Levin, not to plate the food appropriated table, not the soup spilled. Do not make unnecessary sounds such as the soup Do not just eat, side and someone to talk to. Mouth of the bones and fishbone not spit on the table, napkins are available hush, taken out on the dish with chopsticks. Out the food on the table, do not eat. Do not play with dishes during a meal, or with chopsticks straight people.
not hand to mouth and pull the chaos. Teeth with a toothpick, apply hand or napkin cover your mouth. Do not let dishes make a sound. After the meal, you can use napkins, napkin or small towel attendant wiped his mouth sent, but should not rub head and neck or chest; uncontrolled postprandial do not burp or belch; not signal the end of the host, guests can not be first leave. Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details of
4 - alcohol: Alcohol is Yuehe Yue thick saying goes, but in the wine on the table there are a lot of knowledge pay attention to, the following summarizes some of the wine on the table you have to pay attention to small details.
details are: leadership toast each other drinking before their turn. Toast have to stand up, his hands in a toast.
details of the two: can people respect a person must not be more than one respect, unless you are a leader.
details of the three: their respect to others, if you do not clink, drink yourself how much can the case may be, such other amount of alcohol, the other drinking attitude, cut drink not less than the other, respect their own people to know.
details of the four: his respect people, and if the Big Apple one, I finished, you pick, was magnanimous side.
details of the five: remember to add liquor to the leaders or customers, do not blind to the leadership on behalf of the wine, is to generation, but also in leadership or customer really want someone to, but also to pretend he is not because you want to drink wine and to give leadership on behalf of the drink. A numerous liquor power such as leadership, respect by beating about the bush to lead a person to prepare stopped.
dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details of the details of
Six: reach for the glass (beer glass), cups his right hand briefly, the left hand bottom of the cup pad , remember your cup is always lower than others. If the leadership of their own, got the message point, do not put too low, or how a man called the following?
details of the seven: no special characters if the presence of needle touch the wine the best order of time, not favoritism. Details of the eight: clink, toast, there must be arguments, otherwise, why should I drink your wine?
details of the nine: the desktop does not do business, drink well, also about the business, and everyone inside a clear understanding of the heart, otherwise people will not open a drink with you.
details of the ten: if, purely if the encounter would not be enough wine, wine bottle on the middle of the table, people add their own, Do not be silly not to waste one by one pouring Otherwise, the people behind the wine, not how to do?
on toast 1, the host the guest of honor King. 2, Peiqia King guest of honor. 3, the guest of honor retaliate. 4, Peiqia mutual respect. Remember: a stranger must not overwhelming and chaotic toast, which is very rude, is very respected owner. Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details
5 - tea: tea knowledge mentioned here both for customers to company visits, the same also applies to the business table. First, the tea should be clean. The guests came in, let sit back tea. Tea before the tea should be clean, especially the long-unused tea set, it is inevitable stained with dust, dirt, but also to carefully wash with water again. In tea, tea scalded with boiling water until about the best teapots, tea cups. In this way, pay attention to health, but also a ticket. If it does not clean a clean tea, wild tea to the guests, it is impolite performance.
people saw the teapot, tea cup stains on the stain for nausea, how would also like to drink your tea? The companies are now generally disposable cups in tea cups before one-time pay attention to put a cup holder, so as not to heat hot water, so guests can Duanbei tea moment. Secondly, tea should be adequate. Let me talk about tea, the general should be appropriate. Tea should not be too much, nor too little. Too much tea, tea flavor too thick; tea too little, nothing out of the tea flavor. If customers take the initiative to introduce themselves like the habit of drinking strong tea or weak tea, then the stomach by the mouth of the guests to tea well. Besides tea, whether large or a small cup, are not down too full, too full of easy to overflow the table, stool, floor wet. Not careful, will burn the hands of their own or customers, so that two sides are very embarrassed. Of course, we should not fall too low. If only the cover over bottom of the cup of tea to the guests on the side, will make people think it is putting on an act, not good faith,. Again, some tea to be successfully implemented.
in accordance with the traditions of our people, as long as hands are not disabled, are served tea to the guests with both hands, the. But now, some young people do not understand the rules, gave the guests tea with one hand trouble. Hands should be very careful for some tea, a cup of the ear cup, usually with a hand cups the ear, boosting the bottom of the cup the other hand, the tea is served to the guests. Not filling the tea cup after cup ear, whole body hot, his hands not close, some comrades just-do, with fingers pinch edges of the cup before the guests get aboard. This method, although some tea can prevent scalding accidents, but it is unsightly, not enough health. Consider the so guests mouth lick master's finger marks, good about it?
If your boss and clients need to add a cup of tea, you want the duty to do so. You can add tea waiter hands, or let the waiter leave the teapot on the table, by adding your own is better in person, it is not know what to say when the best way to hide. Of course, when Tim first tea tea to the boss and clients, and finally give yourself Tim. Dinner in the hidden rules can not not learn the details
6 - left the meeting: general reception and tea party for a long time, some have more than two hours. Perhaps visit a few times, knew some people, you will soon want to leave. At this time, leave the middle of some of the techniques, you can not understand. Common to have a party when being heated, because someone wanted to leave, which leads to the results of all agents just quickly disappeared, so that the organizers really anxious hopping. To avoid such unpleasant consequences, when you want to leave halfway, do not talk circles and a farewell to everyone, as long as quietly and around two or three people say hello, and then will leave.
picking up and leaving the reception site, it has to invite you to master that, sorry, can not swiftly disappeared. And greeted the owner, it should go at once, do not talk about pulling a large master poured out the front door. At that the other party to do a lot of the scene there are still many guests waiting for him (her) to say hello, too much time on your master account will result in his (her) in front of other guests rude. Some people attended the reception, tea party, when the half-way ready to leave when one by one asking everyone she knows to not go together. The results have been bustling scenes, she was such a agitation, all of a sudden they finish ahead of the. The downtown market thing, the hardest was the banquet master of understanding, a gracious person, be sure not to commit the clock error.
wine on the table ... ... a man must learn the rules a woman must know the whole ah】 【wine on the table over the rules: (a) if they really can not drink it, distinguished from the first bite, holding the food bowl while eating clip forward to
(b) if satisfied that his drink, do not install the ink, the next rule is a rule of the
: wine on the table although the When the wine should not use this phrase lip.
rules II: a low profile and profound knowledge, must not be a charge on the Jiuzhuo to large.
rule three: leadership before their turn drinking each other respect.
rule four: can people respect a person must not be more than one respect, unless you are a leader.
rule five: his respect others, if you do not clink, drink yourself how much can the case may be, such other amount of alcohol, the other drinking attitude, must not drink less than the other, respect their own people to know.
rule six: their respect people, and if the Big Apple one, I finished, you pick, was belly side.
seven rules: his humble position, remember to add the wine to the leadership, not blind to the leadership on behalf of the wine, is to generation, but also looking for someone to do in the leadership, but also because we wanted to pretend he is not drinking In order to give leadership on behalf of the wine and drink. A numerous liquor power, such as leadership, respect by beating about the bush to lead a person stopped for
eight rules: put that glass (beer glass), the right hand briefly Cup, left pad bottom of the cup, remember your cup is always lower than others. If the leadership of their own, got the message point, do not put too low, or how a man called the following?
nine rules: If there are no special characters present, the best time needle touch the wine order, not favoritism.
ten rules: clink, toast, have arguments, or I tmd Why drink your wine?
eleven rules: do not talk business on the desktop, drink well, also about the business, and everyone inside a clear understanding of the heart, otherwise people will not drink with you
opened the second rule: Do not install crooked, says the wrong thing, do something wrong, do not plead self Monastic clincher. Thirteen
rules: If, purely if the encounter would not be enough wine, wine bottle on the middle of the table, people add their own, Do not be silly not to waste one by one pouring, or how the people behind the wine did not do?
fourth rule: there must be a boring final glass of wine, so do not let your glass empty. Not escape the rules ~
fifth: Note you should not drink slip of the tongue, do not brag, do not gaffes, not spittle flying, arbitrary rejection of chopsticks, not fingers disorder refers, soup puff ring, do not fart burp, do not hold back live to the toilet to go, no one stopped you.
sixteen rules: Do not,
rules Seventeen: Leading with your drink, is for you face, how should you drink no matter how much leadership, his first dry for the King, remember ah, my hands, the glass is low.
eighth rule: peanuts for drinking people, is a good thing. Keep a clear head, drink greetings is unavoidable, a cup of yogurt, a cup of hot water, you are obviously a hot towel and caring.
If you can not drink
1, do not take the initiative to implement a defensive to offensive strategy;
2, table and put two large cup, a cup of white wine, a cup of mineral water, take small handless winecup toast, ground water, to Jiuzhuo 8 points on the subject and object of basic drink drunk, you can water on behalf of the wine, take the initiative;
3, toast, do not swallow it immediately, look for opportunities to use napkins Mozui, napkins in the wine spit;
4, Theravada Some eat fat after class, bottom of starchy food, drinking is not easy drunk;
5, the rhythm, do not drink too fast once;
6, do not drink some wine mixed with, particularly vulnerable drunk;
7, leading their food, do not turn Jiuzhuo the middle of the disc, leading you dial a wine on the table and take their food taboo;
8, drink six drunk, turn your front dish of vinegar to drink vinegar, let waiter added;
9, each drink, the, filling, and then pretended not to predict with confidence handless winecup before drinking, throwing out a number as possible, so that you can not drink too much into a lot of time ;
10, put away in front of a half cup of tea before drinking, drunk do not swallow, and quickly picked up the cup, drink wine spit into the cup effort, changing the water full of spit on the line, workable! < / p>
banquet etiquette
1, all the joy with the music, most of the banquet guests should not murmur
are more, it should be talked about as much as most people can participate in some of topic by most of people. Because of personal interests, knowledge are different, so try not to be too biased topics to avoid conceit, many, Shenkan boundless, the phenomenon appears beside the point, while ignoring the people. In particular, try not to whisper softly ear with people, and give them a sense of mystery, often have a
2, targeting two sides, grasp the overall situation
dinner has a theme that most spending, which is the purpose of drinking. When dinner you should first look around the air of expression, to distinguish between primary and secondary, not simply for drinking and drinking, and lose a good opportunity to make friends, not to upset the hosts some grandstanding drinker means.
3, appropriate language, humor
spilled on the table can show a person's talent, knowledge, training and communication manners, and sometimes a witty humor, language, will guests impressed, people feel good to you virtually. Therefore, we should know when to say something, appropriate language, humor is critical.
4, urging people to drink moderately and must not be forced
often run the table in the wine drinks upon the phenomenon, some people like the wine market when the total battlefield, trying to persuade people drink wine, do not drink to the amount that is not really.
damage
5, toast, orderly and prioritized
toast is also a science. Toast under normal circumstances should be age, rank, both sides in order of status, must be fully considered before the toast toast good order, clear priorities. So that people who are not familiar with the drink together, but also pay attention to first inquire about the identity or how other people call, have a number in mind that to avoid embarrassment or hurt feelings of the situation.
be sure to toast a good grasp of the order of toast. Are asking certain guests at the meeting, the doubly deferential to him naturally, but be aware that if the presence of a higher status or older person, you should not only help busy people respectfully, also first Venerable elders to toast, or make everyone embarrassed.
6, the wind blows, in order to understand the people
be in everyone's appreciation of wine on the table, we must learn how the wind blows. About interacting with people, understand people, both ways, to play the role of wine on the table.
7, edge getting shot, sit tight in the banquet feast on Mount
occasion to see the correct valuation of their own strength, do not be too impulsive, as far as possible liquor power, and talking to retain some sense of propriety, not to let others look down on their own and do not reveal too much to select the appropriate opportunity, and gradually its edge radiation can sit tight in Taishan, not someone else have a so that we dare not underestimate your strength.
attention to detail
1 - seating: In general, the seating is If the round table, you are on the main passenger door, subject and object about the location of hand, places the distance from the subjective and objective point of view, the more respect for the closer position of subject and object, the same respect from the left on the right. For a square table, if there is on the door of the seat, the door is on the right side of the main bit off. If the errors on the door, then face the right side of the East seat for the chief.
If the banquet, the table and the tables are arranged between the chief attention to the top center, followed by 2,4,6 seats left and right for the 3,5,7 seats, according to subject and object identity, status, sit in affinities.
If you are a master, you should arrive early and wait in the position near the door, and introduced the guest seat. If you are invitees, then they should listen to host the screening time.
general, if your boss to attend, you should be directed to the main boss seat, customers sit on the highest level of the left side of the main seat location. Unless the leadership of the level of hospitality object is
2 - order
if time permits, you should wait after the majority of the guests in attendance, the menu for guests to circulate and ask them to order. Of course, as the official dinner, you will worry about the budget issue, therefore, to control the budget, your most important thing is to do more homework before dinner, select the appropriate grade is more important to treat location, so guests can greatly understand you budget. Moreover, in general, if you will pay the guests did not quite have the nerve to order, will let you to decide. If your boss is also the dinner, do not because of respect for him, or that his entertainment experience, catering to eat more, and let him / her to order, unless he / she volunteered. Otherwise, he will not feel decent.
dinner if you are a person, you should know when you should not be too active in the order, but to enable the owner to order. If the other kind requirements, you can point a not too expensive, but not all the food taboos. I remember the views of people consulted about the table, in particular, ask, A la carte, you can consult
order, we must be aware of. When ordering, according to the following three rules
a look at personnel. In general, per capita food is more of a general rule. If more men may be appropriate to increase the amount of dinner.
second look at food combinations. In general, the table is better to have dirty dishes well-established, a cold hot, try to make it comprehensive. If the table more than men, some meat or fish can be more, if the President more, you can channel light a few more vegetables.
dinner to see the importance of the three. If an ordinary business dinner, an average of a dish in about 50 yuan to 80 yuan acceptable. If the object of the dinner is more key, then the weight is enough to point a few dishes, such as lobster, saury, anchovy, and then to the specifications that are abalone, fin powder
Another point to note is that should not be asked the waiter when ordering food prices, or the bargain, which would allow your company in front of customers is a little petty, but Customers will feel uncomfortable.
with: a la carte Chinese food guide - three excellent standard of four-bogey
Chinese dinner meal, usually, first on the cold, followed by hot dishes, followed by a main course, dessert and soup and then on, if you feel a little tired of eating, you can order some dessert, and finally the fruit. In order to take into account the various procedures in the dish
dishes
a priority, with the characteristics of Chinese food dishes. Hosted foreign guests of the time, this one should pay more attention. Such as fried spring rolls, boiled Lantern, steamed son, lion head, kung pao chicken, etc., not food delicious, but because with distinct Chinese characteristics, so admired by many foreigners.
Second, there are local characteristics of the dishes. Such as steamed mutton in Xi'an, Hunan, Mao Pork, stewed lion head in Shanghai, Beijing, a choice of lamb, where the dinner guests outside, on the dishes, probably more than the monotony of seafood received.
Third, the restaurant's specialties. Many restaurants have their own specialties. On a specialty of the restaurant, telling the owner of the care and respect for those who were invited.
in arranging the menu, guests of the diet must also be considered taboo, especially for the guest of honor of any dietary restrictions attention. These dietary taboos are four
1. Religious dietary restrictions, that can not be negligent. For example, Muslims usually do not eat pork, and do not drink. Buddhists eat Hunxing domestic food, it not only refers to the meat, but also onions, garlic, leeks, mustard and other pungent food. Some believe in the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy in the diet is especially forbidden to eat beef, which points to serve Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese compatriots in particular should pay attention to when.
2. For health reasons, for some food, have also been taboo. For example, heart disease, cerebral vascular, vein sclerosis, hypertension and stroke sequelae, not suitable for eating dog meat, lamb and turtle Jichi patients with hepatitis, gastroenteritis, gastric ulcer and other digestive diseases, people are not suitable to eat turtles, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, less chicken soup and so on.
3. Different regions, people's food preferences are often different. For this, take into account when arranging the menu. For example, in Hunan province who generally like spicy foods, eat less sweets. Anglo-American countries usually do not eat pets, rare animals, animal offal, animal's head and claws. In addition, the dinner with foreign guests, try to be less rigid grazing dishes, foreigners will not bite in the meal in the mouth and then spit out the food, it also needs to take into account.
4. Some occupations, for some reason, often in the dining areas have their own different special taboo. For example, the civil servants in the performance of official duties are not allowed to accept an invitation to dinner, eating and drinking are not allowed in the official dinner, no more than the national standard meal, are not allowed to drink alcohol. Again, the driver shall not drink alcohol during the work. If overlooked this point, there is likely to make mistakes the other side.
3 - bite: Chinese people are generally very particular about food, but also very particular about eating phase. As more and more attention workplace etiquette, business dining table eating and eating phase and more stress. Following the lunch, for example, teach you how polite at the dinner table with instrument handy.
lunch banquet meal at the beginning, the waiter brought a wet towel is a towel first, do not use it to wipe her face. On lobster, chicken, fruit, will give her a little water, Bangladesh, in which floating lemon slice twist or rose petals, it is not drink, but hand-washing purposes. Wash your hands, you can turn his hands wet fingers, gently rinsed, and then with a small towel.
meal should pay attention to courtesy and manners. Do not repeatedly advised of the foreign guests food, Chinese food can be introduced to each other's characteristics, to eat do not eat by him. Some people like to dish to persuade others, even for the other bowl. Foreign guests do not have this habit, if you politely again, maybe people will resent: If you wait for someone else to their own dish cloth, it had to Russia and stomach. Guests sat at the table, do not immediately hands feeding. The owner should be greeted by the owner to indicate the beginning of a toast, the guests can begin; guests can not grab the front of the owner. Take their food to civilization, and should be in front of other dishes to their own, and then Dongkuaizi, do not grab the front next to him, one and take their food and it is not too much. To eat slowly, which is not only conducive to digestion, but also table etiquette requirements. Must not be large mouths, gobble, so, can leave the impression of greed. Do not picky eaters, do not just stare at you like Levin to eat, or hurried to favorite dishes piled up in your own plate. Action to be elegant dining, sitting next to the folder not to touch when Levin, not to plate the food appropriated table, not the soup spilled. Do not make unnecessary sounds such as the soup Do not just eat, side and someone to talk to. Mouth of the bones and fishbone not spit on the table, napkins are available hush, taken out on the dish with chopsticks. Out the food on the table, do not eat. Do not play with dishes during a meal, or with chopsticks straight people. Do not pull a hand to mouth disorder. Teeth with a toothpick, apply hand or napkin cover your mouth. Do not let dishes make a sound.
end of the meal, you can use napkins, paper napkin or a waiter brought a small towel wiped his mouth, but should not rub head and neck or chest; postprandial not uncontrolled burp or belch; not signal the end of the host, guests can not be left.
on toast: 1, owner of the guest of honor King. 2, Peiqia King guest of honor. 3, the guest of honor retaliate. 4, Peiqia mutual respect.
Remember: guests must not overwhelming and chaotic toast, which is very rude, is very respected owner.
mentioned here both for tea knowledge customers to company visits, the same also applies to the business table.
First, the tea should be clean. The guests came in, let sit back tea. Tea before the tea should be clean, especially the long-unused tea set, it is inevitable stained with dust, dirt, but also to carefully wash with water again. In tea, tea scalded with boiling water until about the best teapots, tea cups. In this way, pay attention to health, but also a ticket. If it does not clean a clean tea, wild tea to the guests, it is impolite performance. People saw the teapot, tea cup stains on the stain for nausea, how would also like to drink your tea? Companies are now generally disposable cup, the tea cups before one-time pay attention to put the cup holder, so heat hot water, so guests can Duanbei tea moment.
Secondly, tea should be adequate. Let me talk about tea, the general should be appropriate. Tea should not be too much, nor too little. Too much tea, tea flavor too thick; tea too little, nothing out of the tea flavor. If customers take the initiative to introduce themselves like the habit of drinking strong tea or weak tea, then the stomach by the mouth of the guests to tea well. Besides tea, whether large or a small cup, are not down too full, too full of easy to overflow the table, stool, floor wet. Not careful, will burn the hands of their own or customers, so that two sides are very embarrassed. Of course, we should not fall too low. If only the cover over bottom of the cup of tea to the guests on the side, will make people think it is putting on an act, not good faith,.
again, some tea to be successfully implemented. In accordance with the traditions of our people, as long as hands are not disabled, the guests are served tea with both hands to the. But now, some young people do not understand the rules, gave the guests tea with one hand trouble. People break off, have a close friend. Adhere may result in loss of more. Not addicted to fantasy. No fuss. Particular trust. Women must have their girl close. Changed, not himself. Be desired, will have lost another part. If you want everything, just nothing. Then ready to bear the consequences. From the outset to remind ourselves that there is no such regret medicine to take. Believe in reincarnation! If you do not believe that life, even love it not so bitter? Do not be afraid painful, it has the other side of the active role. Concerns has already occurred would not help a fait accompli, not subjective speculation occurs, can not infer things are going, and inviting worry unnecessarily. Not addicted to fantasy. No fuss. Gun fight stands out, not a dare everything, because there is no strong imagination! Do not complain, because there is no use.

Thursday, March 3, 2011

thickeners thickener classification, application and selection mechanism

 Pesticide formulations blog:
Liu Yi, Gao Ciba Specialty Chemicals (China) Company, Guangzhou company has Yang, Guangzhou 510095
Abstract: A review of the thickening agent used in cosmetics: mineral salts, surface active agent class , water-soluble polymer such as fatty acids and fatty alcohol type 200 kinds. thickener with the formation of rod-like surfactant micelles, hydration with water three-dimensional network structure formed, or the use of their long chain structure of macromolecules The purpose of the system to achieve thickening. thickener described in detail the compatibility of performance, range, impact factors and thickening mechanism of classification. in the product development process according to recipe formulation pH, stability, irritation, foam, formulation cost, if transparent, flow shape, color, electrolyte stability, and comprehensive regulatory and other requirements to consider, in order to effectively adopt an appropriate thickener. only by constantly sum up experience in practice in order to truly understand how to effectively use thickener.
Key words: cosmetics; thickening agent; water-soluble polymer; surfactant
CLC number: TQ658
Document code: A
Article ID :1001-1803 (2003) 01-0044-05
during the formulation formulators usually have to consider the flow form the final product formulation, to give the appropriate form of product flow to bring beauty, ease of use and production, the stability of the formula There is also some influence. some form of product flow even play a significant role in the use of products such as toothpaste, requires good thixotropy of products, because the time required to maintain good out of shape, the requirements of toothpaste when brushing your teeth changes in the external force can quickly spread out thin.
form of fluid flow into Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid, Newtonian fluid shear stress and shear rate is proportional to the fluid; non-Newtonian fluids have false plastic fluid, plastic fluid, and swelling fluid. pseudoplastic and plastic fluid belong to the fluid shear thinning, but the plastic fluid with a yield value. Expanding fluid is shear thickening fluid. To adjust the flow of products form, the formula division is adding thickener in the formula to achieve the purpose.
thickener simply is to improve the formulation of a product viscosity or consistency of the substances, the amount of thickener added little, but can significantly increase product viscosity or consistency . formulators in the choice of thickener are many factors to consider when: the main formula is to select the primary thickener consideration what kind of system for deciding what kind of thickener; followed by the product form, the product requires a different form of type of thickener, some requirements Newtonian fluid, and some plastic fluid requirements, according to the different needs of different thickener; thickener in the final product ratio of the cost of formula is also an important factor in choice of thickening agent, if The cost formula for producers and consumers are difficult to bear, then the value of this formula is not applied, the balance of the effect of thickening agent and their costs is very important.
other physical and chemical indicators of formula thickener is chosen to be considered, such as the stability of formulations, foam, etc., these are recipe some important indicators of concern, some thickeners thickening effect although the ideal, but the stability is poor or no foaming too much value. general the coordination of several thickener thickeners thickening than a single form of the final product has better rheological results.
1 thickener can be used as thickeners are described
a lot of material, from see a low molecular weight molecular weight thickener, but also polymer thickener; view from the functional groups of electrolytes, alcohols, amides, carboxylic acids and esters and so on. The following cosmetic ingredients according to the classification method thickener classification, Table l lists the currently used as a thickener.
1.1 low molecular weight thickener
1.1.1 inorganic salts
to do with the general thickening of the system surfactant aqueous solution is the most commonly used inorganic thickener is sodium chloride, thickening effect is obvious. surfactant micelles in aqueous solution, the presence of electrolytes to increase the number of the association of micelles, leading to spherical plastic beam into the rod-like micelles, so that movement resistance increases, so that the system viscosity increased. But when the electrolyte will affect the micellar structure of excessive, reduce the resistance movement, so that the system viscosity reduction, which is called salting. alcohols, fatty acids are polar organic compounds, there is the article to see them as non-ionic surfactants, because they are both pro-oil groups, there are hydrophilic groups. a small amount of organic matter in the presence of such surfactants surface tension, omc and other properties have significant impact, the role of size increases with longer carbon chain, in general, was line relationship between Pi. The role of the principle is the fatty alcohol, fatty acids can be inserted (to participate) surfactant micelles, promoting the formation of micelles, and because of the polar organic surfactant has a strong intermolecular interactions (hydrophobic interactions between the hydrocarbon chain increases the hydrogen bonding between the polar head), so that the two molecules alignment on the surface very closely, has dramatically changed the nature of the surfactant micelle, to the effect of thickening.
Table 1 Classification of
a thickener, non-ionic SAA
1, inorganic salts < br> sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, chloride monoethanolamine, diethanolamine chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, disodium phosphate and sodium triphosphate five
2, fatty alcohols and fatty acids
lauryl alcohol, myristic alcohol, C12-15 alcohols, C12-16 alcohol, decyl alcohol, hexanol, octanol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, Shan Yu alcohol, lauric acid, C18-36 acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, Shan Yu acid
3, alkanol amide Diethanolamide
coconut, coconut oil monoethanolamide, coconut oil alone isopropanol amide, coconut oil amide , lauroyl - Asia-oleoyl Diethanolamide, lauroyl - cardamom acid diethyl amide, different stearin Diethanolamide, Asia oil Diethanolamide, Diethanolamide cardamom, nutmeg, Monoethanolamide, Diethanolamide oil, palm one ethanol amides, castor oil Monoethanolamide, Diethanolamide sesame, soybean Diethanolamide, stearin Diethanolamide, stearin Monoethanolamide, stearin Monoethanolamide stearate, stearic amide, tallow Monoethanolamide, wheat germ Diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 dodecanamide, PEG-4 oil amide, PEG-50 tallow amide
4, cetyl alcohol ether
polyoxyethylene (3) ether , iso cetyl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated polyoxypropylene ether) (n = 105 , 124,185,237,238,338,407), etc. 5
PEG-80 glyceryl esters of butter ester, PEC-8PPG (polypropylene glycol) -3 two different stearate, PEG-200 hydrogenated glyceryl palmitate, PEG-n (n = 6,8,12) beeswax, PEG-4 iso Stearate, PEG-n (n = 3,4,8,150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate / coconut oil esters, PEG-8 II oleate, PEG-200 glyceryl stearate, PEG-n (n = 28,200) butter, glyceryl esters, PEG- 7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 jojoba oil, PEG-2 laurate, PEG-120 Methyl Glucose II oleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate , PEG-160 Yamanashi three different glycans stearate, PEG-n (n = 8,75,100) stearate, PEG-150 / capric / SMDI copolymer (PEG -150 / capric Base / methyl acrylate copolymer), PEG-150 / stearin base / SMDI Copolymer, PEG-90. iso Stearate, PEG-8PPG-3 Dilauroyl ester, cetyl myristate ester, spermaceti Palm ester, C18m36 acid glycol ester, pentaerythritol monostearate, pentaerythritol Shan Yu ester, propylene glycol stearate, Shan Yu esters, cetyl esters, triglycerides three Shan Yu, the three hydroxyl glyceryl stearate such as
6, amine oxide
nutmeg amine oxide, different stearin aminopropyl amine oxide, coconut-amino propyl amine oxide, N-propyl amine oxide wheat germ, soybeans aminopropyl amine oxide, PEGm3
lauryl amine oxide, etc. Second, gender SAA
cetyl betaine, coconut oil and other amino-hydroxy sulfobetaine
three potassium ion SAA
oil, potassium stearate other
four water-soluble polymer
1, cellulose
cellulose, cellulose gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose
2, poly vinyl
PEG-n (n = 5M , 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M) and other 3, polyacrylic acid
acrylate / C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-linked polymer, acrylate / hexadecyl ethoxy ( 20), itaconic acid ester copolymer, acrylate / hexadecyl ethoxy (20) methyl acrylate copolymer, acrylate / alkyl ethoxy fourteen (25) acrylate copolymer , acrylate / stearyl ethoxy (20), itaconic acid ester copolymer, acrylic ester ester / stearyl ethoxy (20) methyl acrylate copolymer, acrylic / eighth Alkyl ethoxy (50) acrylate copolymer, acrylate / VA crosslinked polymer, PAA (polyacrylic acid), sodium acrylate / vinyl isodecyl ester cross-linked polymer, Carbomer (polyacrylic acid ) and its sodium salt and other
4, natural rubber and modified alginate material
and (ammonium, calcium, potassium) salts, pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar gum, cationic guar gum , hydroxypropyl guar gum, Astragalus gum, carrageenan and (calcium, sodium) salt, xanthan gum, sclerotium gum
5, inorganic polymer and its modified silicate materials
magnesium, silica, sodium magnesium silicate, hydrated silica, montmorillonite, sodium magnesium lithium silicate, water, pyroxene, stearin ammonium montmorillonite, stearic ammonia water pyroxene, quaternary ammonium -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium montmorillonite -18, -18 quaternary ammonium water pyroxene
6, other
PVM / MA capric diene crosslinked polymer (polyethylene methyl ether / acrylic acid Methyl decanoate diene crosslinked polymer), PVP (PVP), etc. 1.1.4 Surfactant
1.1.4.1 alkanolamide is the most commonly used class of
coconut Diethanolamide. alkanolamide compatible with the electrolyte and thickening together to achieve the best results. alkanolamide
thickening mechanism is interaction between anionic surfactant micelles, the formation of non-Newtonian fluids. a variety of different alkyl amide alcohol are very different in performance, but alone and complex the effects of which are also different, with different articles reported alkanolamide thickening and foaming. alkanolamide made recently reported that cosmetics are carcinogenic when nitrosamine potential hazards. alkanolamide free of impurities in amine, which is a potential source of nitrosamines. Currently personal care products in the cosmetics industry on whether to disable alkanolamide no official comments.
1.1 .4.2 ethers
In a polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES)-based active material of the formula, in general, only salt that is able to tune into the appropriate viscosity. Research indicates that this is not contained in the AES Sulfated fatty alcohol ethoxylates, for thickening surfactant solutions made a significant contribution. in-depth study found that: the average degree of ethoxylation of about 3EO or 10EO role from the time the best. In addition alcohol B thickening effect of oxygen compounds contained in its products of unreacted alcohol and the distribution of homologues has a lot width. homologues wide distribution of thickening effect when the product is poor, the more narrow homologue distribution may be have greater thickening effect.
1.1.4.3
esters is the most common thickening agent used esters. recently reported that foreign and PEG-8PPG-3-bis-iso Stearate, PEG-90 two different stearate and PEG-8PPG-3 Dilauroyl esters. these are non-ionic thickeners thickener, mainly for aqueous surfactant systems. Such thickening is not easy to hydrolyze, in a wide The pH and temperature viscosity stability. The most commonly used PEG-150 distearate. used as a thickener in the esters, the molecular weight are generally larger, so has the number of polymer performance. thickening mechanism is due to hydration in the aqueous phase to form three-dimensional network, which will be included into the surfactant micelles caused. In addition to these compounds as a thickener in cosmetics, but also can be used as emollients and moisturizers .
1.1.4.4 amine oxide
amine oxide is a kind of polar non-ionic surface active agent, characterized by: in aqueous solution, due to the different solution pH values, it shows a non-ionic , can also display the strong ion nature. In neutral or alkaline conditions, ie, pH greater than or equal to 7, the oxidation of amines in aqueous solution to hydrate exists not ionized, indicating non-ionic. In acidic solution, it shows weak cationic, when the solution pH is less than 3, the cationic amine oxide is particularly evident, so it can be in different conditions with cationic, anionic, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants such as compatibility and display good collaborative effect. thickener amine oxide is effective when the pH is 6.4-7.5, the alkyl dimethyl amine oxide can make the viscosity of the mixture of 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, while the alkyl amide propyl dimethyl base oxide viscosity of the mixture of amines can reach 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, which will not reduce the viscosity by adding salt.
1.1.4.5 betaine and a few other
soap can also be used as thickener (see Table 1), the thickening mechanism and the role of other similar small molecules are interacting with the surfactant micelles to achieve thickening effect. soap can be used for thickening cosmetic bar, mainly for betaine surfactant water system.
1.2 Many water-soluble polymer thickener
thickening polymer thickener system is not the solution pH, or electrolyte concentration. In addition, the polymer thickener The amount to be less able to achieve the required viscosity, such as the need for a product such as coconut oil surfactant thickener Diethanolamide the mass fraction of 3.0%, to achieve the same effect can be only 0.5% of cellulose polymers . most of the water-soluble polymers in the cosmetic industry will not only grain used as thickeners, and used as a suspending agent, dispersing agent and setting agent.
1.2.1
cellulose in cellulose water-based systems are a class of very effective thickening agent, is widely used in various fields of cosmetics. Cellulose is a natural organic matter, it contains duplicate glucoside units, each unit consisting of 3 glucoside hydroxyl, these hydroxyl can form a variety of derivatives. cellulose thickener expansion through hydration and thickening of long-chain cellulose thickening of the system showed an obvious fake plastic flow patterns. generally use about 1% wt .
1.2.2
polyacrylic acid polyacrylic acid thickening agent since 1953 Coodrich will Carbomer934 to market has been 40 years, and now this series has been more thickener choice (see Table 1). polyacrylic acid thickener thickening mechanism of 2 species, namely hydrogen bonding and thickening and thickening. in and thickening is polyacrylic acid thickener in and, to the molecular ion of the main chain along the polymer a negative charge repulsion between the same sex charges prompted the formation of the molecular network structure with open straight to the thickening effect; hydrogen bonding polypropylene thickening acid thickener to form the first hydration water molecules and then with the mass fraction of 10% m20% of the hydroxyl donor (such as ethoxylated with 5 or more non-ionic surface active agent) combined to make it curly molecules solve the water system in the formation of network structure to achieve thickening effect. different pH, soluble salts of different neutralizers, and the presence of the viscosity of the thickening system have a greater impact, pH value of less than 5, pH value increases viscosity increases; pH value of the viscosity is almost constant in the 5-10; but with the pH value continues to rise, thickening efficiency also decreased. monovalent ions only reduce the efficiency of the thickening system, divalent or trivalent ion thinning will not only help system, and when the content will generate enough insoluble precipitate.
1.2.3 Modification of natural rubber and natural rubber are property
collagen protein and polysaccharides together, but as growth thickening agent for natural rubber is mainly poly polysaccharides (see Table 1). thickening mechanism is through the accumulation of sugar units in polysaccharides containing three hydroxyl groups and the hydration water molecules interact to form three-dimensional network structure, so as to achieve the effect of thickening. They Most of the flow forms an aqueous solution of non-Newtonian fluid, but some close to the rheological properties of dilute solution of Newtonian fluid. They thickening effect of general and system pH, temperature, concentration and other more related to the presence of solute, This is a class of very effective thickener, generally the amount of 0.1% -1.0%.
1.2.4 modified inorganic polymer and inorganic polymer materials
class thickener generally has three layers m-like structure or expansion of lattice structure, the most commercial uses two types of clay and water is pyroxene. The thickening mechanism of inorganic polymer dispersed in the water, one of the metal ions spread out from the chip, with the hydration progresses, it occurs swelling, and finally complete separation of lamellae, which results in the formation of lamellae and the anion layer structure of transparent metal ion colloid suspension. In this case, lamellae with the surface negative charge, it the corner and as a result of the fracture surface with a small amount of the lattice of positive charge. in dilute solution, the surface negative charge than positive charge big corner, mutual exclusion between particles, it is no thickening effect. With the addition of electrolytes and the concentration, the ion concentration, lamellar surface charge reduction. At this time, the main interaction between the repulsive force by the lamellae lamellae into the surface negative charge and positive charge of the corner between the attractiveness of parallel lamellae perpendicular to cross-linked together to form the so-called flocculated structure lead to lower consistency. such thickener is mainly used for toothpaste, shampoo, hair conditioner, cream, lotion and deodorant thickening agent. consistency generally increases with the concentration tends to increase rapidly following gently form the thixotropic flow. In addition to a thickening performance, there is stability in the system emulsion, suspension effect. its modification are the main quaternary ammonium salt of (see Table 1), modified with a lipophilic, oil content can be used for more than a system.
1.2.5
general class of polyoxyethylene to more than 25 000 molecular weight polyoxyethylene products known, and less than 25 000 known as polyethylene glycol . polyoxyethylene aqueous solution when the mass fraction of per cent for the pseudoplastic fluid, the solution was viscous tendencies. If the object will be immersed in one of the pull from the solution to form a long drawing and film. the greater the molecular weight and the wider the molecular weight distribution of the greater viscosity of low molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution of PEO is less viscous, the viscosity of the solution depends on the size of molecular weight, concentration, temperature, and viscosity measurements when shear rate. the solution viscosity with increasing molecular weight and increased with concentration, with the temperature increase (10 ℃ ~ 90 ℃) and more dramatically. polyoxyethylene pseudoplastic aqueous solution with molecular weight the decrease of lower molecular weight aqueous solution of lXl05 close to Newtonian fluid rheology. thickening effect from the dissolution of polymer chains into the surfactant system, the thickening mechanism is mainly related with the polymer chains are not dependent on the surfactant system. polyoxyethylene aqueous solution in the UV, acid and transition metal ions (especially Fe3 +, Cr3 + and Ni2 +) are automatically under the action of oxidative degradation, loss of its viscosity.
1.2.6 Other
PVM / MA capric diene crosslinked polymer (polyethylene methyl ether / methacrylate and decyl diene crosslinked polymer) is a new family of thickeners, in the past 3 years in personal care products for industrial applications It was quickly recognized. They make emulsion stability, thickening, giving excellent skin feel, almost sticky feel. can shape made into transparent gel, hair spray and latex can be used for thickening alcohol solution, glycerol and other non-water system, emulsifier in the case of suspension without the active component in toothpaste it can play a Yujie pure synergy.
PVP (PVP) is a solution only in water, soluble in most organic solvents and polyamide, the appearance of white or light yellow powder, or as a transparent liquid, water-soluble, safe and non-toxic, green chemicals. PVP is widely used in medicine, cosmetics crystal, cleaning products , beverages, textiles, paper, chemicals and printing industries. PVP thickening properties are closely related to their molecular weight, concentration in a given condition, the greater the molecular weight, the greater its viscosity. pH value and temperature effect on the viscosity of PVP solution is not obvious, crosslinked PVP no special thixotropic solution, unless very high concentrations only be thixotropic, and displays a very short relaxation time.
2 How to choose thickening agent?
thickener the reported number, the face of these thickeners in a specific product formulation development to go that route how to choose? formula system must first understand their needs and requirements, from the formulation pH, stability sex, irritation, foam, cost, whether the transparent flow shape, color, electrolyte stability and regulatory requirements and other considerations. such as shampoo, formula, pH value is generally 5.5 to 7.5, rich foam, Newtonian flow morphology , good stability, in line with regulatory requirements, the needs of the remaining are optional. ordinary shampoo wider choice of surface, but consider the cost factor is selected inorganic salts, surfactants more. conditioning shampoo, select the range narrower, generally consider the use of water-soluble polymer thickener type, particularly the use of silicone oil as a conditioner shampoo, requiring good suspension formulation system, using water-soluble polymer thickener to make formula class system is more stable . thickener compatibility between the phenomenon and do not, it should be given special attention, such as Carbomer series is very sensitive to electrolyte thickener, the thickener can add salt. Some thickener down bubble phenomenon is very obvious, such as PEGm150 distearate, PEGm120 two oleic acid methyl glucose also has a slight drop bubble phenomenon. How to choose the specific thickener in the formulation, more usually have to rely on the accumulation of thickener performance, more experimental, touch clear thickening agent used in the performance and compatibility between systems and the impact of various aspects of the formula.
3 Summary
cosmetic appearance of the shape is of great concern to consumers, the choice of a suitable thickening agent to achieve the performance required by the formula is very important, and it is an art. present a wide range of thickener, and is still emerging, it is only through various means such as suppliers, technical magazines, technical books and the Internet and other ways to understand a variety of thickening agent performance, through their own personal experiments summarized in order to truly understand how to effectively use thickener. 

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Pharmaceutical industry will usher in the golden years of the recommended 9 to 10 times 10 shares (list)

 Pharmaceutical industry will usher in the golden years of the recommended 9 to 10 times 10 shares (list)
2007   12   11   08:30:07
cities in the pharmaceutical sector financial network performance eye-catching today, or among all sectors index in the forefront.
Medicines shares (600,511) shares of the leading pharmaceutical filling style, was also among the biggest gainers, Topsun Science and Technology (600771) rose 8.19%, reported 15.58 yuan; Guangji Pharmaceutical (000952) rose 8% reported 28.61 yuan; same medicine rose 5% of the reported 19.30 yuan.
some analysts pointed out that for health care reform to stimulate domestic demand and good expectations, the pharmaceutical industry will usher in a golden period of development. Recently the disk from a situation, medical share capital has become a focus of Jiancang, I believe the future will have better performance for some time.
pharmaceutical industry: rapid recovery from the winter in 10 years to buy 10 times the bull stock (source: National League securities)
2007 年operation of the pharmaceutical industry is China's pharmaceutical industry sales revenue totaled 416.27 billion yuan, up 26.64% over last year, the accumulated total profit of 37.365 billion yuan over last year by rolling 49.74%.
stock has experienced since the reform of the pharmaceutical industry from the wind and rain in the regeneration process, regression in the realization of the value of the process, has gradually moved toward the overvaluation, either earnings or net profit increased levels are close to the ceiling, it is difficult to re-than-expected results from the valuation and promotion of pharmaceutical listed on the company's share price rose . Second, listed companies from abroad, the development of pharmaceutical industry experience point of view: income : , and have certain core competencies to ensure that the industry will not experience in the development process a great challenge, and to maintain long-term stability and even growth.
Our choice is:
biopharmaceutical: Temple of Heaven biology, medicine and science and Chinese double-Heron Bio.
pharmaceutical distribution companies: Sinopharm shares, Guangzhou Pharmaceutical, and Huadong Medicine.
Chinese: Hong Mei medicine, the river edge of medicine and health medicine.
Our idea is: When the pharmaceutical industry started to recover from 2007, and fully understanding the market after a year after the valuation, or both are close to the ceiling of earnings growth, it is difficult then-expected results from the valuation and up to promote the pharmaceutical companies rose. Second, the pharmaceutical industry from foreign experience, we listed the company's development: pharmaceutical companies to share best long-term growth and income. 

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Experience the 10th Metro

 To experience the next day Subway Line No. 10, sat down at the International Trade from Haidian. Tell the truth really have not had a ride Beijing subway, Beijing's subway again into a completely different feeling Oh, and even a bit excited, excited for Beijing accessible subway can really describe it, and very convenient. into the subway of course, shares the taste of the newly renovated underground ventilation may not like the way so fast, so there is a little bit of flavor. (my nose too may also be sensitivity of the) Line 10 There is no one's security, but some security officers watched I think it should be spot checks. Automatic ticket machines are also very convenient way to Beijing as long as you know in 30 seconds should do regarding the tickets . but took votes received after the automatic ticket machine is not so fast paced Shanghai, arguably the ticket into a ticket machine will soon close the door, you had better wait 3 to 5 seconds before opening Oh, open the door for a fairly Long seems to have three people I think this design should also be a user-friendly design of it, after all, there are old people ride the subway. Needless to say, the body has been very beautiful, and also for safety are now double-door design . is the car's air conditioning is too great, sat will feel a little cold. of course, fewer people may also be coupled with the new car I have this feeling of cold. All in all still very easy to very, very beautiful from the Trade Haidian to the table I saw about 40 minutes to come, so you figure two dollars to take such a long distance is not slow or very cost-effective, so many choices can later take the subway to go out